Irvinebank Dam was constructed initially around 1885 when a tin battery was built. Born Scotland May 1841 Died Toowoomba June 1918. All rights reserved. You will need your 4WD to get to some of the better spots and there is room for smaller camper trailers. At the time the tiny settlement was known simply as Gibbs Camp and it was located on the Gibbs and McDonald Creeks. In 1880 the Great Northern tin discovery was made at Herberton, 25 km east of Irvinebank. Ideal for family camping. Moffat was born in Ayrshire, Scotland; emigrated to Queensland in 1862; and bought in to the tin mining in Irvinebank in the early 1880s. Beyond here, the road rises steadily until it passes through a gap in the range at about 760m late afternoon is a great time to be driving through. Through the gap and you start to re-enter civilization. The nearest government secondary schools are Dimbulah State School (to Year 10) in neighbouring Dimbulah to the north-west and Herberton State School (to Year 10) in Herberton to the east. . * In 1902 a private tramway was built between the Mareeba-Chillagoe line and the mine at Stannery Hills. Soak up the Australian bush marvel at the history of this once robust mining area. [21], Irvinebank Post Office opened on 1 June 1885 (a receiving office had been open from 1884). Over the next twenty years it acquired forty head of stamps working three shifts a day within earshot of Moffat's modest timber house Irvinebank Post Office is at 16 O'Callaghan Street (172543S 1451218E / 17.4287S 145.2049E / -17.4287; 145.2049 (Irvinebank Post Office)). * Tin was discovered in 1882 by a group of prospectors named James Gibbs, Jim McDonald, Bill Eales, Andy Thompson, Dave and Jack Green and Jack Pollard. As a child growing up in a very small town, as it was, we would tell each other ghost stories about seeing John Moffets ghost in the Town Hall. Irvinebank Dam (also known as Loudoun Weir) is a heritage-listed timber and concrete weir initially constructed around 1885 when a tin battery was built. Located on McDonald Street and built in 1900 the local School of Arts is a simple demonstration of the increasing importance of Irvinebank around the turn of the 20th century. Irvinebank is located 122 km south-west of Cairns via Gordonvale and Atherton, and 1,711 km north of Brisbane via the Bruce Highway. Julie-Ann Giumelli. Irvinebank was described in the 1903 Australian handbook: At the peak of Irvinebank's prosperity it had two brass bands, a busy social centre in the school of arts/public hall (1901), a large primary schooland a well fitted out hospital. When the grass isnt too long, its an easy walk with rewarding views. The numbers relate to their positions on the Irvinebank Town Tour map. * Prior to the arrival of the Europeans the area was home to the Djirbalngan Aborigines. My hubby won a medal for truck pulling. Irvinebank is in the western foothills of the Atherton Tablelands of Far North Queensland, 123 kilometres (76mi) south-west of Cairns via the Bruce Highway, Gillies Range Road, State Route 25 (bypassing Atherton) and the Herberton Petford Road. There were also people (named Cross) living in what appeared to be a (train) station. Cairns is a unique part of Australia, aptly described by the catch-cry, rainforest to reef. Pembroke Pines is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. Technically, from Petford to Irvinebank it is an ungraded dirt track with numerous creek crossings. Woepen Road to the west has some short, steep and very rough, rocky sections and is a better down route. A quick scramble to the top provides the best views anywhere along this road, but if you travel further a track to the left leads you to Shebas Breasts, a jumble of boulders, and an easier climb to the summit. Contribute to the important work being done to protect and grow Queenslands protected area system. The southern road, which heads east about 800m before California Creek, passes through the old mining area of Gurrumbah at around 5km from the Lappa Road. Continuing south, the road follows the creek to the old mining town of Emuford about 18km from Petford. Believing that his religion obliged him to serve his neighbours, he perceived as crucial his development of their material resources. Moffat gained a benevolent ascendency over the Irvinebank community by willingly taking privately mined ore for his Loudoun mill, encouraging efficient and uninterrupted production by promptly paying his suppliers. A new mine has opened, so while its okay to explore around the old diggings, keep away from any areas of recent activity and obey warning signs. Compare room rates, hotel reviews and availability. Emu Creek campsite is a large area, capable of hosting 150 campsites (and the vehicles that go with them). Irvinebank, Queensland Get directions Details Listing type Campsite. His death from influenza in 1919 symbolised the coming of decline of Irvinebank throughout the next two decades. From 1889 he owned the Vulcan tin mine. Hi Lorraine, We were emailing each other just recently. An old man, two women and a 6-year-old child were killed. Founded Irvinebank 1880. (954) 434-7600 | Directions. Surrounded by relatives and tradesmen from Tent Hill days, many from the west of Scotland, his manner with workmen blended equality with authority. Our Valley bank branch and ATM near you in Pembroke Pines, Florida can be found at 1 SW 129th Ave. Just a short drive from Cairns, over the range, travellers are greeted with a baldly different environment from those portrayed in the postcards. "A deeply religious man, a member of the New (Swedenborgian) Church, Moffat was quietly spoken, hospitable and a keen supporter of the Good Templar movement. Irvinebank is a true rarity: an historic town which has largely been untouched. The road detours through the creek and the rail bridge is long gone. The plaque on the John Moffat memorial at the entrance to Irvinebank. The School of Arts and Loudoun House are on the Queensland heritage register. I hope to go back and visit Irvinebank in the near future. * The town was renamed Irvinebank in 1883. Start planning and discover your perfect Atherton Tablelands experience. Alongside are stone and brick foundations for a pump and air compressor. Not able to visit us? Informal roadside camps along Lappa Road, Tate River roads and Emu Creek Road (use common sense and good camping practices). Theres an amazing collection of relics from a bygone era here, some still in working order and generally open to the public. K. Smith, Queensland Government Camping area features: Large, open grassy area with vehicle access to sites. Bonjour! Making a decision of where to pitch your tent was harder than . Our mobile business app is always available, so you can check your business bank account wherever you go. . Please share your experience with this websites content and functionality. Perhaps this information is of interest to you. The Vulcan Mine (once the deepest tin mine in Australia reaching to a depth of 440 metres) is widely regarded as north Queensland's most successful tin mine having yielded 10,200 tons of tin concentrate during its 40 year life. The dam was upgraded with concrete in 2006, retaining the original timbers in the facade. This is a beautiful drive. The main road continues east following the meandering Gibbs Creek through some picturesque countryside until you get to Irvinebank where there is fuel, food and accommodation in a town rich in mining history. At Valley Bank in Pembroke Pines, FL our friendly staff is always happy to assist with any personal banking needs. I remember my family were welcomed (Easter 1974) because we had three school aged children and took the numbers up to twenty, which stopped the Education Dept from closing the school. [17] Moffat was born at Newmilns, Ayrshire, Scotland, which is situated on the River Irvine, and it is assumed he named the town Irvinebank in honour of his home town. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. When the Montalbion project was deemed unprofitable, he refunded 20,000 of the purchase price to the British company. [38], Irvinebank Rural Fire Station is on Jessie Street in the town (172545S 1451219E / 17.4292S 145.2054E / -17.4292; 145.2054 (Irvinebank Rural Fire Station)). Two crossings in particular were fairly wide and deep. The left fork takes you to the Gulf Developmental Road, just to the west of Mount Garnet. Travel NQ Can you please tell me who were the Mc Guinness Bros of Irvinebank. As the Australian Dictionary of Biography entry points out "With the backing of Sydney merchants Caird, Maxwell & Co. and the skilled negotiations of James Forsyth, Moffat's Glen Smelting Co. secured a monopoly over mining and reduction works. The Irvinebank state treatment works processed tin ore from the surrounding mining fields until the 1990s. Camp sites are suitable for: Tent camping beside your car; walk-in camping; caravans; camper trailers; motorhomes; large groups. A detailed biography can be read at http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/moffat-john-7611. The tramline was closed in 1936 and the lines pulled up for reuse in 1941. A member of the New (Swedenborgian) Church, Moffat's religious convictions obliged him to treat his neighbours well, a rarity among mining entrepreneurs. About 6.5km from Emuford, Gibbs Creek flows close to the road and a track leads to some nice camping and swimming areas. Historic Buildings The eastern hill is an easy ascent be sure to stop at the 800m summit ridge for one of the most spectacular views. Hello Wayne, we have a FB site called Memories of Herberton and District and after reading your email we are very interested in having you join us and share any stories memories or photos you may have, kind regards [email protected]. These have endured much better than the rail bridges, evident only from the stone headstocks. Enjoy camping under the Mont Albion stars around one of the many dams with your family and friends. The two turn-offs before the California Creek crossing meet at a high plateau after negotiating some rough and steep ascents. Wood fires are allowed in the constructed fireplaces provided (except when fire bans apply). John Moffat was born in a small village on the Irvine River in Ayrshire, Scotland, and he built Loudoun House (his residence) and the Loudoun Mill, both named in memory of Loudoun Parish, Ayrshire. [47][48], Loudoun House Museum is at 16 O'Callaghan Street in heritage-listed Loudon House (172544S 1451216E / 17.4289S 145.2045E / -17.4289; 145.2045 (Loudon House (Museum))). To enter the town is to experience what a tin mining town was like before World War I. The two creeks which form the basis of the dam at Irvinebank were known as Gibbs Creek and McDonald Creek, after the earliest prospectors. We accessed this road from Petford (careful, don't sneeze or you'll miss the barely noticeable turn-off). * World War I played havoc with the economy of the town. ^ TOP Origin of Name. Available on Apple and Android devices In 1907, it became Stannary Hills State School. Castle Rock, another notable spot, is on your left after about 6 kms. Thank you for supporting outbacktouringaustralia.com so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! Emu Creek is one of the many picturesque streams that traverse this country and make it exceptional. I wonder what business they were the proprietors of and how old it is.Thankyou in advance for any information,Ron. Tradues em contexto de "Ormiston" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Marvel at the gorge's sheer walls rising 300 metres out of Ormiston Creek, then dive into the waterhole that is 14 metres deep. You can take this route up over the mountain, through tall wet sclerophyll forest and then down to the Silver Valley Road where you can go left to Herberton or right toward Mount Garnet. The Tornado Mine winding and pump engine foundations are located on the hillside above and to north of the Vulcan. A 4WD is usually required to get across the soft, sandy bottom safely. The upper level is supported on cypress pine or ironbark stumps. Great memories, Hello out there do you still do your BBQ on Friday or Saturday nights as i cannot remember which one as we are thinking of coming out again. ARE YOU A STAR GAZER? * In 1913 an elaborate aerial tramway was built to carry tin ore from the Vulcan mine to the Loudon Mill. Emu Creek is one of the best streams in FNQ for camping, swimming and exploring. At the 22km mark along the Lappa Mount Garnet road, a track veers off to the east at a signpost the barely legible old signs indicates it goes to Mareeba and Emuford. In October of that year a Native Police patrol led by officers William Nichols and Roland Garraway conducted a series of raids in the area during which an Aboriginal camp was fired upon. Irvinebank is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It is interesting to note that politically "The mine is also associated with William McCormack and Edward Theodore, later Queensland Premier and Queensland and Australian Treasurer, who came to Irvinebank as an underground miner in the Vulcan mine and established the Amalgamated Workers Association (later amalgamating with the Australian Workers Union)." Have your say below. Visit our Pembroke Pines location and meet with our staff or use our mobile app to check your bank account on the go. Search for AthTablelands, 2021 Atherton Tablelands Promotion Bureau Limited | Tourism Atherton Tablelands | Website developed by Smart Data, on July Impressions of the Atherton Tablelands, June Impressions of the Atherton Tablelands, https://www.athertontablelands.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/@julianinparadise-1-600x800.jpg, August Impressions of the Atherton Tablelands, https://www.athertontablelands.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/@lloydie17-600x800.jpg, Download the official Atherton Tablelands Visitors Guide, 2021 Atherton Tablelands Promotion Bureau Limited |. The local doctor had an astronomical observatory and a skating rink under his house. We also offer nonprofit lending, SBA lending, real estate lending, and other services. The tramlines are on a 2-foot gauge, distinct from the standard 3 foot 6 inch gauge used on the Queensland government railway of the time. California Creek flows for a good part of the year and can be a bit tricky to cross at the end of the wet season due to its sandy bottom and strong flow. * By 1884 these prospectors had been bought out by John Moffat who established a joint mining venture (his partners were Reid and Young) known as the Great Northern Tin Mine. Irvinebank State Treatment Works In 1883-84 Glen Smelting opened a battery and smelters at Gibbs Creek, renaming it Irvinebank. [39][40], Irvinebank Cemetery is on Cemetery Road off the Herberton Petford Road just to the south-west of the town (172600S 1451140E / 17.4333S 145.1944E / -17.4333; 145.1944 (Irvinebank Cemetery)). Your Aunty Mary used to drive me to High School in Atherton years later. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission. Much of the township and industrial areas are heritage-listed, although privately owned. The tramway formation from Chinaman Creek to Victoria Siding (on the Irvinebank-Petford Road) is clear and in good . From there we moved to Irvinebank where we lived in a house within walking distance of a tin battery where my father worked. [43] There are a number of monuments and memorials there, including: Irvinebank Tavern is at 2656 Herberton Petford Road (172540S 1451210E / 17.4278S 145.2027E / -17.4278; 145.2027 (Irvinebank Tavern)). Auteur de l'article Par ; Date de l'article white flowering fruit trees identification; directions to franklin massachusetts . Local Doctor, and Astronomer Dr William McFarlane discovered the brightest star since 1604 at his modest observatory in 1918. The Department of Environment and Science is committed to respecting, protecting and promoting human rights, and our obligations under the Human Rights Act 2019. Camping area features: Large, open grassy area with vehicle access to sites. There is so much to see, you can happily spend a whole day in this little town and wonder where the time went. Here you leave the bitumen and head south, running alongside the creek, towards Irvinebank and Herberton. Irvinebank State Treatment Works is a heritage-listed refinery off Jessie Street, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. We would love to help you open a savings account, checking account, individual retirement and investment accounts, or assist you in applying for a credit card. Emu Creek camping area. Later in 1950 we moved to a place called Brownville where my father worked in a tin battery. The war trophy gun out the front is a German 7.8 cm light mortar, donated to Irvinebank following the First World War. The city had a population of 154,750 at the 2010 census, making it the second most populous city in Broward County, the tenth most populous in Florida, and the 150th most populous in the United States. Banque de photos, images 360, vecteurs et vidos. Pembroke Pines Map. The upper section of the house has a central living area, with four rooms at the rear of the building and two rooms on either side of the main living area. Planning a trip to North Queensland? Photo credit: Trevor Hatfield Queensland Government. It can be downloaded and printed out at http://www.athertontablelandnetguide.com/irvinebank/images/maps/Irvtowntour.jpg. They purchased the battery, smelter and tramway. Find 16 of the best hotels in Irvinebank in 2022. [26], Although currently and historically within the Shire of Mareeba, between 2008 and 2013, the Shire of Mareeba (and hence Invinebank) was within the Tablelands Region) until 2014 when the shire was re-instated following a vote by the residents. Just after some info where it is, thanks!! Caravans Yes. [19] The troopers were remanded in custody and in October 1885 they too were discharged. This little town treasures its mining history and you can see it all at the museum, the preserved buildings around town and Wayne's shed. Driving straight ahead higher into the country is a rough climb and not one you want to try when towing a trailer. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Wild River Caravan Park Herberton. Beyond the coast, as you travel inland, you are greeted by the contrasting landscape of thundering waterfalls which spill into crystal clear pools and spill into the winding rivers that interrupt the tropical beaches you have left behind. Most trips in the hinterland can be completed in a day or as an overnight journey but a four-wheel drive is essential in some spots. Winter in the Tropics at its best! Painting of the Irvinebank massacre in the Loudon House Museum. Emu Creek Crossing. It is a natural place to start any exploration of the town. My Great Grandmother was a Mrs K Benden. Getting There You will need a 4WD vehicle to reach Boonmoo Station as there is only a single road and one section of the track has a 20 metre drop on one side down to a gorge. A beehive brick below-ground tank is constructed into the hill above the headframe. In 1919 the battery, smelter and tramway were sold to the Queensland Government as a State enterprise. [25], At the 2006 census, Irvinebank had a population of 311. Despite its size, the river usually dries up by September so, depending on the season, its either swimming and rafting or easy walking along the sandy riverbed. & R.S. Eagle Creek is a neighborhood in Pembroke Pines. A great alternative to the sometimes unreliable weather of the coast, this area has a distinct wet season between December and April, when monsoonal deluges can occur charging the rivers and rendering unsealed roads impassable. And many many stories of the kids l went to school with. Photo credit: Anna Osetroff Queensland Government, Does your dog love new adventures just like you? It closed circa 1931. Your personal information will be handled in accordance with the Information Privacy Act 2009. Have we missed something or got a top tip for this town? [20] Nichols, however, was dismissed from the Native Police by the Queensland government and the Irvinebank massacre is regarded as a turning point away from the policy of indiscriminate killing of Indigenous people in the colony. The road roughly follows the railway line to the south and forms part of the Savannah Way as an alternative route. Between these two well-known destinations is a network of back roads that hold secrets from the mining booms of the 19th and 20th century. * By 1911 the town had a population of 1269 people and there were 5 hotels. Crer un compte; Need to come see the town again. The Queensland Heritage Register describes the site as "The mine and machinery foundations are situated on a narrow bench excavated into a steep hillside at the head of a gully running down to Gibbs Creek. 12. road gangs. I loved my life in this town and it was the happiest time in my life. Ideal for family camping. Loudoun House Museum foundations are situated on a narrow bench excavated into a steep hillside at the head of a gully running down to Gibbs Creek. His success in the town was rapid. MONT ALBION A TWO HOUR DRIVE FROM CAIRNS..A CENTURY AWAY IN TIME. At that time I remember there were still railway lines. The road passes through many narrow cuttings and across high embankments above stone pitched tunnels that survive in excellent condition despite the ravages of many wet season floods. Irvinebank was named after the River Irvine in Ayrshire, Scotland near the home of John Moffat. Ive never forgotten. There are currently no park alerts for this park. Beyond the next small town of Dimbulah the road gradually rises through dry vegetation with forests of northern cypress pine and silver-leaved ironbark before dropping into Emu Creeks valley. Its official motto is "Join Us - Progress with Us." The dominant structure is an steel headframe over the Vulcan . The upper level has tongue and groove red cedar walls, ceiling and floor; the verandah is not tongue and groove. It is located at the top of the hill behind the old bank building. Brickwork footings of the former boiler house and chimney are located immediately south of the headframe. Map directions to Emuford Battery Rd Irvinebank, QLD 4887. Nearby are further boiler foundations connecting with the remains of a brick flue. Queensland National Bank (1905) - more like a house than a bank. PHOTOS BELOW OF REPEAT HAPPY CAMPERS WEEK AT MONT ALBION STATION. Beyond Mount Garnet: National Parks Camping: List of cattle stations where you can camp in Far North Queensland, Camping at Mount Mulligan: One of Australias Best Kept Secrets, Camping at Chillagoe Caves: Jewel of the Outback, Off the Beaten Track at Kingsborough Campground, Emu Creek is two hours drive from Cairns in Far North Queensland, The turnoff for the Emu Creek Outback Holiday Station is 23km from Dimbulah located on Burke Development Road. The Queensland Heritage Register notes of Loudon House - "Its siting in close proximity to both the Loudoun Mill and town of Irvinebank (including the offices of the Queensland National Bank) are regarded as symbolic of Moffat's "hands on" approach to his business activities including his relationship with employees and their families and in the case of the Queensland National Bank of its major role in Moffat's business affairs and describes the house as "The original house was a simple gabled roof timber structure with encircling verandahs. Studs are exposed on the exterior verandah and back walls. This is an amazing part of Far North Queensland that is well worth taking the time to go explore and camp.Useful products we used on our trip:Ezyanchor - https://ezyanchor.com/?ref=39x9jqkn6xx Expedition134 boxes - https://openskytouring.com/?ref=122 OSAH drypak products - https://osahdrypaks.com.au?sca_ref=306437.DbmTsL1l1b Camera gear I used to create this video: Mavic 2 pro - https://amzn.to/2zKo064 Freewell mavic 2 pro filters - https://amzn.to/2ZZnCeZ Nikon D7500 - https://amzn.to/2zBAUU9 Tamron 10-24mm lense - https://amzn.to/2TS8uvJ Tamron 70-200mm Lense - https://amzn.to/2MexGIL DISCLAIMER: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. It closed circa 1916. Once you turn off the highway, the campsite is reached by following a dirt road through the pine forest for about 20 minutes before reaching the site on the edge of Emu Creek! The Glen Smelting Company in Herberton, managed by John Moffat, acquired several of the tin shows in Gibbs Creek in 1883. Continuing south, the Rocky Tate comes up after a further 31km. The rain that drives these waterfalls is the devil in the detail when it comes to a holiday or weekend getaway in northern Queensland. Watch for logging trucks. Official free camping with some facilities at Eureka Creek, main road west of Dimbulah; and Archer Creek, Kennedy Highway between Innot Hot Springs and Ravenshoe. I am curious as I have a 6d token with their name and the town enscribed on it. Irvinebank's census populations have been: K.H. It has been continuously used since its construction and, as the major hall in town, has been a centre of the social life of the area. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. The battery was erected on the Gibbs Creek frontage, and the dam was constructed just below the junction of these two creeks and embraced an area, when full, of about 12 - 13 acres (53,000m2) of water, with depths varying from about 15 feet (4.6m) down to about two or three feet. The Sandy Tate is a broad stream with anabranches and tracks to campsites of varying quality, mostly downstream. Design developed by Boyd Blackman, a Butchulla and Birri Birri man, featuring the artwork of Elaine Chambers, a Koa (Guwa) and Kuku Yalanji woman. At a trial in Townsville the magistrate concluded there was no case against Nichols and he was discharged "amid considerable applause". Photo credit: K. Smith, Queensland Government. Vulcan Mill Stannery Hills Tramways Sleepers and bridge spans were constructed from local timber such as cypress pine, bloodwood and spotted gum. The town's founder, John Moffat, named Irvinebank after the River Irvine in Ayrshire, Scotland near his home. We assist businesses of all sizes, and our staff is happy to help you learn more about healthcare financial services and auto dealer solutions. There is a particularly useful local website titled the Tropical Tableland Netguide. We actually stayed there the first night we arrived in Irvinebank. Copyright Centre for the Government of Queensland, 2018. He built a dam, a mill, smelters and other infrastructure that attracted settlers and miners to the area. My Family have Now passed but l have a few distant cousins still there. [1] The original capacity was 150million litres (33,000,000impgal; 40,000,000USgal). There is a more detailed account of the mine and its history at https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600681. See photos of repeat 'happy campers' at end of page. Irvinebank Tavern Cabins and Camping, 2656 MacDonald Rd,, tel: (07) 4096 4176. Offices were located in the sub-floor and the living spaces were above. An additional room comes off the rear of the building and a stove alcove is on the northern side room." [35][36] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 9 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (1 full-time equivalent).[37]. Eventually, you come to a fork in the road with the option to turn right to cross a creek or to go straight on a less distinct track which ascends the ridge next to the dam. & R.S. We camped and had hot jam donuts. Were happy to help serve your business by helping you set up a business credit card, checking account, savings account, payroll and merchant payment services. A less travelled road is the Herberton - Petford Road. Access: Accessible by conventional vehicles (with care) via gravel road with some steep, narrow and winding sections. There are currently four bush toilets but the owners plan to remove these so campers will have to take their own portable loos in future. Definitely of interest to railway buffs but always worth an exploratory stop. Irvinebank Hotel in the town's main street. The children ended their prays with 'God bless John Moffat'. The Irvinebank Mining Co. Ltd opened their line from Irvinebank to "The Junction", a short distance form Stannary Hills, in 1907. For more detailed information check out https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600680. Number of sites: Open area without separately defined sites for up to150 people. Location: 16km into Benarkin State Forest via Forest Drive, adjacent to Emu Creek. 3. We came there once a long time ago.
1860 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, Ny 11233,
Jeffrey Rignall Testimony Transcript,
Times Record Obituaries Maine,
Bd Script Font Canva,
Articles E
