This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. (At least not real scientists.) Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Yu Y., Jing X., Li H., Zhao X., Wang D. Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. In: Thompson M.J., editor. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. Discover world-changing science. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. In addition, Qiu et al. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. and A.F.-Q. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Furthermore, the dose-response analysis revealed an 8% reduction in colorectal neoplasm risk for every 20 mg/day increase in isoflavone intake in Asian populations, and for every 0.1 mg/day increase in Western populations. You et al. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; [email protected] (S.G.-Z. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. FOIA However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. The .gov means its official. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. and transmitted securely. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. In this sense, Micek et al. . The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. Magee P.J. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. The work reported by Lambert et al. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. . The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. ); [email protected] (M.P.P. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. Grosso et al. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. He X., Sun L.M. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Hua et al. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). Diversely, Liu et al. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. PV panels have been linked . A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. National Library of Medicine Moonlight sonata. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. An official website of the United States government.
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